Det syriske alfabetet (Syre)

The Syriac alphabet (ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ʾālep̄ bêṯ Sūryāyā) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic and Sogdian, the precursor and a direct ancestor of the traditional Mongolian scripts.

Syriac is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script where most—but not all—letters connect within a word. There is no letter case distinction between upper and lower case letters, though some letters change their form depending on their position within a word. Spaces separate individual words.

All 22 letters are consonants, although there are optional diacritic marks to indicate vowels and other features. In addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals.

Apart from Classical Syriac Aramaic, the alphabet has been used to write other dialects and languages. Several Christian Neo-Aramaic languages from Turoyo to the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Suret, once vernaculars, primarily began to be written in the 19th century. The Serṭā variant specifically has been adapted to write Western Neo-Aramaic, previously written in the square Maalouli script, developed by George Rizkalla (Rezkallah), based on the Hebrew alphabet. Besides Aramaic, when Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent after the Islamic conquest, texts were often written in Arabic using the Syriac script as knowledge of the Arabic alphabet was not yet widespread; such writings are usually called Karshuni or Garshuni (ܓܪܫܘܢܝ). In addition to Semitic languages, Sogdian was also written with Syriac script, as well as Malayalam, which form was called Suriyani Malayalam.

Syriska alfabetet används för att skriva syriska och nysyriska, som skrivs från höger till vänster. Alfabetet är besläktad med det hebreiska alfabetet. Båda har sitt ursprung i det arameiska alfabetet, som i sin tur härstammar från det feniciska alfabetet. Det syriska alfabetet har 22 bokstäver, och många bostäver har namn som ligger nära deras hebreiska motsvarigheter.

Det finns tre sätt att skriva alfabetet. Äldst är estrangela, efter det grekiska ordet för "rundad". Från 700-talet blev det inom de maronitiska och jakobitiska kyrkorna vanligt att använda ett mer flytande, kursivt skrift, som kallas serto. Nestorianerna använder en östlig, mindre förenklad form av estrangelo-skrift.